BRIEF MATERIAL
EXPLANATION TEXT
a.
An explanation is
a piece of writing that gives straight forward information. It explains the
process related to the formation of natural, social, scientific and cultural
phenomena, e.q. how volcano eruption occurs, or how we get chocolate from.
b.
The communicative purpose of explanation is to enable the readers to understand
the processes involved in the formation or the working of natural, social,
scientific and cultural phenomena.
c.
The
text organizations :
o
General statement presents the subject that is
going to be explained.
o
Explanation supports the following paragraphs. The explaining
statements are illustrated in sequence.
d.
Language features :
Simple present.
Passive voice.
e. Examples :
natural phenomena, articles on invention, documentary films.
This text is for
questions 1 to 4.
Alcohol use has been
clearly identified as a major factor in many teen-related issues: highway
deaths, accidental deaths and injuries, risky sex practices, poor school
performance, depression and suicide. The statistics are frightening. Yet many
young people today are drinking illegally and irresponsibly.
People who do not
know exactly what they are drinking may be placing in extreme danger. Drinking
does more than induce a temporary warm and happy feeling. It also affects
stomach, liver, kidneys and brain in adverse way. When alcohol enters the
digestive system, the stomach takes the initial hit. If the person didn’t eat
first, the alcohol is likely to irritate the stomach’s lining and may cause the
drinker to vomit.
People who drink
alcohol usually find they have to make many trips to the bathroom. That’s
because alcohol decreases the kidney’s ability to absorb water. About 10 per
cent of the alcohol is removed through urination and breathing. The liver
processes the rest of the alcohol, breaking it down into acetic acid, water and
carbon dioxide. It takes the average person one hour to rid his body of a
12-ounce can of beer, but if more beer than that has been consumed during that
time, the body will fall behind.
1. What is the text about?
A. Why people drink alcohol.
B. How people drink alcohol.
C. How alcohol irritates our stomach.
D. Why people who drink alcohol increase.
E. Why alcohol is
dangerous for our health.
2. The
following are the effects of drinking alcohol, except ________.
A. risky sex practices
B. consistent warm
and happy feeling
C. the irritation of the stomach
D. poor school performance
E. depression
3. Why
do people who drink alcohol usually often go to the bathroom?
A. It decreases the
kidney’s ability to absorb water.
B. It increases the kidney’s ability to produce
urine.
C. It decreases people’s immunity.
D. It irritates the stomach.
E. It affects the liver.
4. “Drinking
does more than induce a temporary warm and happy feeling.” (Paragraph 2)
What does the word ‘induce’ have closest
meaning to?
A. Reduce. B. Deduce.
C. Influence. D. Cause.
E. Include.
This text is for
questions 5 to 8.
When the human body
is exposed to very hot conditions one result can be heatstroke. This is often
the case for athletes and people who have to work outside in summer.
Heatstroke is a
sudden, uncontrolled rise in body temperature. It is a reaction that results
from the human body not being able to replace fluid lost through perspiration.
If the lost fluids are not
replaced, then dehydration occurs and this leads to a decrease in blood.
replaced, then dehydration occurs and this leads to a decrease in blood.
In this situation,
the body must decide whether to give the blood to the main organs (liver,
kidneys, brain and so on) or to the skin. Because the main organs are more
important, they will receive the blood. Also, as a consequence of the drop in
fluids, the body loses its ability to sweat. The situation becomes critical.
The body now cannot produce sweat. Therefore, it cannot cool itself. Excess
heat cannot be released through the skin as a result of the loss of blood
supply to that part of the body. The lack of blood supply and the inability to
sweat together cause the body to overheat.
Heatstroke can cause
permanent injury if not treated properly. It is one way of how the body can
react to heat.
5. What is the main idea of paragraph 3?
A. People who usually get heatstroke.
B. The definition of heatstroke.
C. How we can get
heatstroke.
D. The effect of heatstroke if it is not treated
well.
E. Why excess heat cannot be released through
the skin.
6. What happens if the fluids in our body drop?
A. We will be fainted.
B. Our body cannot
produce sweat.
C. Our body produces excess sweat.
D. Our body losses blood supply.
E. We cannot control our body temperature.
7. “Therefore, it cannot cool itself.”
(Paragraph 3)
The
word ‘it’ refers to ________.
A. the main organ B. the skin
C. the blood D. sweat
E. the body
8. “When the human body is exposed to very hot
conditions . . . .” (Paragraph 1)
The
antonym of the word ‘exposed’ is ________.
A. hidden B. revealed
C. opened D. imposed
E. proposed
This text is for
questions 9 to 13.
How do Banks Count
Our Interest?
Interest
is the sum charged for borrowing money for fixed periods of time. Principal is
the term used for the money that is borrowed, and the rate of interest is the
per cent per year of the principal charged for its use. Most of the profits for
a bank are derived from the interest that they charge for the use of their own
or their depositor’s money.
All
problems in interest may be solved by using one general equation that may be
stated as follows: Interest = Principal Rate Time.
Any
one of the four quantities–that is, interest, principal, rate or time–may be
found when the other three are known. The time is expressed in years. The rate
is expressed as a decimal fraction. Thus, 6 per cent interest means six cents
charged for the use of $1 of principal borrowed for one year. Although the time
may less than, equal to, or greater than one year, most applications for loans
are for periods of less than one year. For purposes of computing interest for
short periods, the commercial year or 360 days is commonly used, but when large
sums of money are involved, exact interest is computed on the basis of 365
days.
Source: S. Pauline, Wiwik, English for Economic Students: Level 1, Yogyakarta, Pusat Bahasa
Universitas Atmajaya, 2000.
9. What
is the purpose of the text?
A. To entertain the readers.
B To criticize an art work.
C. To describe a particular thing.
D. To explain
processes.
E. To present at least two points of view about
an issue.
10. What is a principal?
A. The money that is returned.
B. The money that
is borrowed.
C. The interest that the bank charges.
D. The sum charged for borrowing money.
E. The per cent per year of the borrowed money
charged for its use.
11. How is the time expressed?
A. In weeks.
B. In months.
C. Every six months.
D. In years.
E. Every two years.
12. What does 8 per cent interest mean?
A. 8 cents charged
for the use of $1 of principal borrowed for one year.
B. 8/100 cents charged for the use of $1 of
principal borrowed for one year.
C. 1 cent charged for the use of $8 of principal
borrowed for one year.
D. 1/8 cent charged for the use of $1 ofprincipal
borrowed for one year.
E. 8 cents charged for the use of $8 of
principal borrowed for one year.
principal borrowed for one year.
13. When will banks use the commercial year of
360 days?
A. When computing any kinds of interest.
B. When computing
interest for short periods.
C. When computing interest for long periods.
D. When computing large sums of money.
E. When computing the principal.
This text is for
questions 14 to 17.
Many floods are
directly related to changes in weather. The most common cause of flooding is
due to rain falling at extremely high rates or for an unusually long period of
time. Additionally, areas that experience a great deal of snow in winter are
prone to springtime flooding when the snow and ice melt, especially if the thaw
is relatively sudden. Furthermore, rainfall and snowmelt can sometimes combine
to cause floods.
Sometimes, floods
occur as a result of a unique combination of factors that only indirectly
involve weather conditions. For instance, a low-lying coastal area may be prone
to flooding whenever the ocean is at high tide. Exceptionally high tides may be
attributed to a storm caused by a combination of factors, like low barometric
pressure and high winds. Finally, floods sometimes can occur regardless of the
climate. Examples are tsunamis (seismic waves on the sea or large lakes that
are caused by earthquakes), volcanic heating and rapid melting of a snow pack
atop
a volcanic mountain or under a glacier, or even failures of natural or man-made dams.
a volcanic mountain or under a glacier, or even failures of natural or man-made dams.
14. What is the purpose of the text?
A. To describe something from two points of view.
B. To tell why
something happens.
C. To entertain the readers.
D. To tell how to make something.
E. To tell past experiences.
15. What is the main cause of flooding?
A. Changes in weather.
B. High
tides.
C. A storm.
D. High winds.
E. High
rates of rains.
16. Areas that experience a great deal of snow in
winter are prone to springtime flooding when ________.
A. the snow and ice melt
B. the ocean is at high tide
C. it rains heavily
D. the volcano erupts
E. tsunami happens
17. “. . . especially if the thaw is relatively
sudden.” (Paragraph 1)
What is the antonym of the word ‘thaw’?
A. Liquification. B. Melting.
C. Freezing. D. Fusion.
E. Expansion.
This text is for
questions 18 to 20.
A tsunami is a giant
wave that can do huge amounts of damage when it hits land. To see how one
starts, throw a stone into a pond or lake, and watch the ripples spread out on
the surface of the water.
A tsunami starts in a similar way to one of these ripples, except that it is not caused by a stone, but
by something much bigger, such as an earthquake occurring under the sea.
A tsunami starts in a similar way to one of these ripples, except that it is not caused by a stone, but
by something much bigger, such as an earthquake occurring under the sea.
Once it has started,
a tsunami can move across the ocean for huge distances. An earthquake off the
coast of South America generated a tsunami that traveled west for over 15,000
kilometers and cause enormous damage when it hit the coast of Japan
22 hours later.
22 hours later.
Tsunamis can be
caused by volcanic eruptions as well as by earthquakes. The most deadly tsunami
in recorded history was the one that followed the eruption of Indonesia’s
Krakatoa volcano in 1883. About 36,000 people died, and what actually killed
most of them was the tsunami rather than the eruption itself.
Tsunamis wave can hit
the land in different ways. Sometimes the sea seems to pull the water back at
first, uncovering a large expanse of shoreline. When the sea withdraws like
this, the tsunami wave is not far behind, and curious people who have walked
out onto this newly expose shoreline may find themselves in great danger. In other
cases, the wave arrives suddenly and without warning, a dark wall of water
which can uproot trees, knock down stone walls, and smash houses into pieces.
18. What is the text about?
A. A tsunami.
B. The causes of a tsunami.
C. Why and how a tsunami happens.
D. The movement of a tsunami.
E. The events of tsunamis.
19. What is the main idea of paragraph 4?
A. The definition of a tsunami.
B. A tsunami which hit Japan.
C. The Krakatoa’s eruption.
D. The parable of a tsunami.
E. The
ways how tsunamis wave can hit the land.
20. The following statements are true according to
the text, except ________.
A. a tsunami is a giant wave
B. in
Krakatoa’s eruption most people were killed by tsunami
C. before a tsunami wave hits the land, the sea
seems to pull the water back
D. tsunamis
are caused by earthquakes only
E. a tsunami can move across the ocean
21. “. . . cause enormous damage when it hit . . .
.” (Paragraph 2)
The word ‘enormous’ has similar meaning
to ________.
A. great
B. temporary
C. excessive
D. continuous
E. permanent
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